The phrase “insulin dysfunction” usually refers to two patterns: insulin resistance (insulin high but less effective) and insulin deficiency (insulin low). With insulin resistance, common signals include increased waist circumference, post-meal sleepiness, sugar cravings, resistance to fat loss, and metabolic markers like high triglycerides and low HDL. With insulin deficiency, blood glucose tends to rise and symptoms such as frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unintended weight loss may appear. Lab evaluation may include fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and sometimes an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or C-peptide depending on the case. Clinical decisions rely on the whole risk map, not a single number. If symptoms or family history exist, internal medicine/endocrinology assessment is the correct strategy.