Genital Health: Most Common Diseases and Ways to Protect

Genital diseases encompass a wide range of health problems that affect the reproductive organs of both women and men, including infections, inflammations, and structural disorders. These conditions may sometimes present with mild symptoms such as itching or discharge, while in other cases, they can progress silently and lead to serious complications.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 billion people globally are affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) each year. In Turkey, genital infections are among the most common reasons for gynecology clinic visits, especially among women. These conditions are more frequently seen in young adults. Risk factors such as unprotected sexual intercourse, poor hygiene, and lack of awareness play a significant role in their spread and prevalence.

Genital diseases can negatively impact an individual’s quality of life and pose a threat to reproductive health. Therefore, symptoms should not be ignored, regular check-ups should not be neglected, and informed prevention methods must be implemented.

Most common genital infections in women

The most frequently encountered genital infections in women include vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection), bacterial vaginosis, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaginal yeast infections are typically associated with Candida albicans and are characterised by symptoms such as itching, discharge, and irritation. Bacterial vaginosis results from an imbalance in the vaginal flora and causes greyish discharge with a foul odor.

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and certain types (especially types 16 and 18) increase the risk of cervical cancer. Regular gynecological examinations and screening tests are essential for the early detection and management of these infections.

Common genital diseases in men include balanitis, epididymitis, and genital warts. Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin, often caused by Candida infection or poor personal hygiene. Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymal tubes, and in young men, it is typically caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Genital warts are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and present as soft, painless lesions in the genital area. Treatment options include topical medications, antibiotics, and surgical procedures. For prevention, HPV vaccination and condom use are recommended. Early diagnosis and adherence to treatment are key to preventing complications.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include a variety of infections, most notably Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and HIV. Chlamydia and gonorrhea commonly present with symptoms such as painful urination, discharge, and pelvic pain, and are transmitted through sexual contact. Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can cause skin sores, rashes, and, in later stages, serious organ damage. HIV targets the immune system and can be transmitted through blood, sexual fluids, and from mother to child. Treatment involves antibiotics (for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) and antiretroviral medications (for HIV). Condom use and regular testing are essential for prevention.

One of the most common sexually transmitted infections in Türkiye is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). In particular, HPV types 6 and 11 cause genital warts. These warts appear as small, soft, and usually painless lesions in the genital area. HPV infection can sometimes be asymptomatic, but it increases the long-term risk of cervical and other genital cancers. Although the HPV vaccine is not yet part of Turkey’s national immunization schedule, it is recommended for both girls and boys aged 9–14. The vaccine significantly reduces both the risk of infection and the likelihood of wart formation. With widespread vaccination, the prevalence of HPV-related diseases is expected to decrease. In addition to vaccination, condom use is also important for prevention.

The importance of genital hygiene: What to pay attention to in daily life
 Proper hygiene is essential for maintaining genital health. It is recommended to wear cotton and breathable underwear; synthetic and tight clothing can create a moist environment in the genital area, increasing the risk of infection. For daily cleaning, pH-balanced and fragrance-free cleansers suitable for the genital area should be used; harsh soaps can damage the skin barrier and are not recommended. Frequently changing underwear, keeping the genital area dry, and wiping from front to back after using the toilet are also important. Avoiding sitting in wet swimsuits for long periods after swimming is another hygiene tip. Proper genital hygiene plays an effective role in preventing bacterial and fungal infections.

Itching, discharge, and unpleasant odor in the genital area are common complaints and may signal various health issues. Itching is usually associated with allergic reactions or fungal infections such as Candida. The appearance, color, and smell of discharge can indicate different causes; for example, yellow-green or foul-smelling discharge may suggest bacterial infections or STIs like chlamydia or gonorrhea. A bad odor is most often linked to infections such as bacterial vaginosis or balanitis. These symptoms may occur together or individually and always require medical evaluation. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications.

The connection between menstrual irregularities and genital problems

The most common cause of menstrual irregularities in women is hormonal imbalances, which directly affect genital system health. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, and elevated prolactin levels can cause reduced, delayed, or highly irregular menstrual bleeding. Additionally, hormonal changes can create a foundation for genital infections and inflammations, leading to problems like pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis. If menstrual irregularities are accompanied by symptoms such as pain, discharge, or odor in the genital area, expert evaluation is essential. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment help restore hormonal balance and control genital diseases.

Genital infections during pregnancy pose serious risks to both mother and baby. Infections such as bacterial vaginosis, fungal infections, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes simplex can lead to premature birth, miscarriage, placental complications, and newborn infections. Untreated diseases like HIV and syphilis can cause the baby to become infected. Regular prenatal check-ups, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment during pregnancy reduce the risk of infection. Maintaining genital hygiene and evaluating the sexual partner are also important for infection prevention. Careful attention to infections is crucial for maternal health and a healthy birth.

Genital cancers include cervical, vaginal, and penile cancers. Cervical cancer most often develops due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and regular Pap smear tests are recommended for women over 35 for early detection. Vaginal and penile cancers are rarer than other cancer types but share similar risk factors. Early diagnosis improves treatment success. Treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The HPV vaccine is effective in preventing cervical and penile cancers. Regular screening and protective measures reduce the risk of genital cancers.

Genital diseases can negatively impact a person’s psychological health and self-confidence. Pain, itching, unpleasant odor, or visible lesions may cause embarrassment, anxiety, and depression. This can also adversely affect sexual life, leading to decreased sexual desire, performance issues, or relationship problems. Psychological support and open communication are as important as medical treatment. Honest conversations with a partner, sexual therapy, and stress management help individuals cope with their condition. Early diagnosis and proper treatment support both physical and psychological recovery.

There are many misconceptions about genital diseases in society, and these false beliefs can threaten both individual and public health. One of the most common misconceptions is “If there are no symptoms, there is no disease.” However, many sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially in early stages, may be asymptomatic. For example, up to 70% of chlamydia infections in women show no symptoms.

Another false belief is “Being monogamous fully protects against diseases.” While monogamy reduces the risk of transmission, infection can still occur if the partner is a carrier. Therefore, regular testing is recommended.

Also incorrect is the idea that “Diseases only spread through vaginal intercourse.” Diseases like genital herpes, HPV, and HIV can also be transmitted through oral and anal sex.

Another common misconception is that genital warts are purely a cosmetic problem. In fact, some HPV types can cause cervical cancer, making vaccination and regular screening very important.

To prevent the spread of misinformation, it is essential to consult reliable health sources and not avoid seeking medical care due to embarrassment.

The main methods to prevent genital diseases are vaccines, regular health check-ups, and practising safe sex. The HPV vaccine provides effective protection against cervical cancer and genital warts and is especially recommended at an early age (9–14 years). Regular Pap smear tests (every 5 years for women aged 35–65) and screenings for sexually transmitted infections enable early diagnosis. Condom use significantly reduces the transmission of infections such as HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. Additionally, monogamous relationships and limiting the number of sexual partners are important factors in reducing risk. Genital diseases can be prevented through informed and consistent precautions.

Individuals with genital diseases often face shame and stigma in many societies; this can prevent patients from seeking accurate information and proper treatment. Overcoming social taboos requires improving health literacy. Accessible and reliable information sources increase awareness about genital diseases, reduce feelings of shame, and improve treatment adherence. Facilitating consultations with healthcare professionals through confidential and empathetic approaches encourages patients to seek support. Sexual health education should be widespread in schools and communities, and misinformation must be actively countered. This way, the awareness process accelerates, enabling early diagnosis and treatment of diseases.