Oral and Dental Health

Faculty Member – Istanbul Kent University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

Editorial note

Map of Health content is prepared with an evidence-based approach. References are provided for transparency.

Medical disclaimer

This content is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have an urgent medical concern, seek immediate care.

"The first condition for being generally healthy is to attain oral and dental health!"

On this page:

Prevents tooth and gum diseases What problems may arise from neglecting oral health? Brush your teeth! But how? Oral, and dental health in children Oral, and dental health in adulthood Oral, and dental health in older ages Oral, and dental health in individuals requiring special care Oral and dental health during pregnancy Misconceptions about oral and dental health

Prevents tooth and gum diseases

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines oral and dental health as the condition of the mouth, teeth and orofacial structures that allow individuals to perform basic functions such as eating, breathing and speaking [1]. When oral and dental health is not good, serious problems such as tooth and gum diseases, cavities and tooth loss occur. Since the mouth is the beginning of the digestive system, we can say that the health of this area affects not only the orofacial region but also all body functions. Because good oral and dental health literally affects the general health of the body by helping to prevent bacteria and infections that may occur in the body. A healthy mouth ensures the proper functioning of the digestive system. For this reason, it is extremely important to protect oral and dental health and maintain good care [2].

Therefore, maintaining dental health provides the following benefits:

What problems may arise from neglecting oral health?

Maintaining oral health is highly important for overall body health, and well-being. It is primarily the opening of the digestive system, and is associated with immune, and digestive problems because it affects the entire gastrointestinal system. In addition, being an aesthetic, and functional area in the oro-facial region contributes to the appearance, and image of individuals. Oral hygiene is important for many reasons, both health, and aesthetics. Neglecting oral, and dental health may lead to many problems.

Tooth decay: Inadequate brushing, not using dental floss, or excessive consumption of sugary foods can cause tooth decay. The main reason for tooth decay is; It is the failure to clean sugary, acidic food substances that easily stick to teeth, and gums for a long time [3].

Periodontal diseases: Incomplete, and incorrect oral hygiene practices cause inflammation of the gums surrounding the teeth, and gum recession. Bleeding, redness, and bad odor in the gums are the main indicators of gum disease. Poor oral hygiene causes food residues, and bacteria to combine, and form a sticky layer called bacterial plaque on the teeth. The continuity of poor oral hygiene, especially tartar accumulation, causes the gums, and bone structure to recede. Untreated gum problems cause tooth loss in the final stage [4].

Halitosis: Inadequate tooth brushing or incomplete oral hygiene may cause bad breath. Bad breath may cause discomfort in a person's social life, self-confidence problems, loss, and changes in taste [4].

Sensitive teeth: Using abrasive toothpastes or excessively hard brushing may cause tooth enamel to wear away. Tooth enamel is the outermost, hard, and strong layer that protects the tooth. Deterioration of the enamel structure, and severe wear may cause teeth to become sensitive, and cold-hot sensitivity [5].

Oral cancer: Although the incidence of oral cancer is not very high, it is more common in Third World Countries where hygiene habits, and nutritional deficiencies exist. Because poor oral hygiene increases the risk of developing cancerous cells in the mouth. In addition, the presence of constant pain, and abscessed teeth in the mouth causes the newly developing cancerous structure in the mouth to go unnoticed, and to be diagnosed late [6].

Pregnancy problems: Poor oral health can cause both oral complaints during pregnancy, and pregnancy problems such as premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia [7].

Focal infection: Teeth with inflammation at the apex of the tooth cause serious infective conditions, especially in organ transplantation patients, patients with advanced heart defects/operations, and patients undergoing cancer treatment. It is important to clean all infected teeth orally before planned operations [8].

Brush your teeth! But how?

The first step to good oral hygiene is using a toothbrush correctly. Applying excessive pressure, using a toothbrush with very hard bristles, and incorrect brushing technique cannot effectively clean bacterial plaques, and damage the gums. Therefore, choosing the right toothbrush, and how to use it is important. If a special brush (orthodontic, ultra-soft, etc.) is not recommended by your dentist, toothbrushes with medium-hard bristles will be the right choice for general use. For proper teeth cleaning, it is best to place the head of the toothbrush at a 45° angle to the tooth-gum junction, and apply a gentle movement from the gum to the tooth. Brushing at least twice a day for two minutes each time will be sufficient for a healthy mouth [9]. And don't forget to change your toothbrush when the bristles start to wear or bend!

How can I protect my oral health? In summary, to protect our oral, and dental health;

Brush your teeth regularly
Use dental floss, and mouthwash
Eat healthily, and correctly
Stay away from smoking, and alcohol
Get regular dental checkups

Oral health is an integral part of overall health, and changes throughout life, from childhood to old age. How aware are we of the oral care needs specific to body needs that change, and develop at every age?

Oral, and dental health in children

Regular oral, and dental care is necessary from the time the first teeth emerge in childhood to have healthy teeth in later ages. Primary teeth, which begin to appear in infancy, and complete their development between the ages of 2-3, are then shed, and replaced by permanent teeth that will emerge. There is a misconception among the public that primary teeth in the mouth do not require much care during childhood because they will fall out anyway. Not paying enough attention to oral, and dental care during childhood, when primary teeth are present, negatively affects the health of permanent teeth by causing primary teeth to decay, loss of eruption guidance for permanent teeth, and premature loss.

For children, primary dentition is between the ages of 0-6, mixed dentition is between the ages of 6-12, and permanent dentition is the period after the age of 12. Around the age of 6, four first molars (6-year-old teeth) emerge from the back of the primary teeth, on both jaws, on the right, and left. Since they are the first teeth to emerge at a very early age, they may be confused with primary teeth. However, they are the first permanent teeth that remain in the mouth throughout life, and are the center of chewing. It is very important to protect these teeth, and for this purpose, applications called fissure sealants that protect the tooth against caries should be applied [10,11].

Things to consider for babies, and children

Do not give your baby sugary foods that cause cavities in his last feeding at night. After giving babies milk from a bottle, give them water to drink, and even give them a piece of cheese to clean their mouths.
Never dip the pacifier in honey, molasses or sugar.
Do not put your baby's spoon in your mouth during feeding, do not take the food out of your mouth, and give it to the baby.
Do not give your child sugary, sticky foods, and drinks between meals.
Babies should be weaned off bottles after about one year of age to prevent deterioration in jaw development, and should be accustomed to feeding using standard cups, and spoons.
From the age of two, develop the habit of brushing teeth regularly twice a day under parental supervision.
Choose a toothbrush, and toothpaste appropriate for your child's age.

Oral, and dental health in adulthood

In adulthood, especially around the age of 25, at the end of the adolescence period, when the body's production activities are quite rapid, the superiority of bone formation over bone destruction begins to come to an end. The change in the balance of construction, and destruction in the body in favor of destruction causes the teeth, and jaw bones to gradually weaken. In addition, the increase, and intensity of life routine as people become involved in social life may cause problems in oral care. As a result of neglected, and weakened oral tissues over the years, tooth, and gum diseases are a major problem in adulthood. In particular, dental caries is one of the most common non-communicable chronic diseases, according to the reports published by WHO. Therefore, creating a regular oral care routine is of great importance in protecting oral, and dental health, and preventing tooth decay. Regular dental check-ups, and acting in accordance with the dentist's instructions will prevent oral diseases [12].

To maintain oral, and dental health in daily life, it will be sufficient to follow a correct nutrition program, and have a habit of brushing teeth. Reducing the consumption of acidic, sticky, and sugary foods, which will damage teeth, and oral structures, and eating a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein will benefit both the person's body, and dental health. Brushing your teeth at least twice a day for two minutes will be sufficient for oral hygiene. Using extra oral cleaning materials will maximize oral hygiene. Cleaning between the teeth with dental floss or interdental brushes is especially useful for areas where a toothbrush cannot reach. Depending on the condition of the tooth structure, it would be more appropriate to use interdental brushes or dental floss in the size recommended by the dentist, and to use superfloss for people with dentures. The use of a tongue scraper to clean the tongue is recommended to remove plaques settled on the tongue, and prevent bad breath. Using mouthwash at the end of all oral care will be beneficial for clean, and fresh breath (13).

Oral, and dental health in older ages

In the near future; It is predicted that 20% of the world's population will be over the age of 65. With the increasing number of the elderly population; Nowadays, with the influence of better education, and nutrition opportunities, the duration of teeth remaining in the mouth has increased. Having healthy teeth in the mouth in old age is necessary for a comfortable, and enjoyable old age.

In general, intraoral changes are thought to occur with aging; weakening of the oral tissue, and muscles, decreased sense of taste, darkening of the color of the teeth, recession of the gums, decrease in the amount of saliva, and tooth loss. As we age, the fluidity of saliva decreases along with its amount, resulting in bacterial plaque accumulation on the teeth. Increased bacterial plaque increases the risk of caries, and gum disease. Since the mechanical cleaning, and moisturizing effect of saliva decreases, fungal infections may occur, especially in the mouth, and corners of the lips. Dry mouth reduces the resistance of the oral tissues to impacts, causing frequent mouth sores, mouth burning, decreased sense of taste, and pain. Salt, and sugar consumption may increase in the elderly due to decreased taste sensitivity, and this may lead to the development of systemic diseases. Against these physiological changes, frequent consumption of water to moisten the mouth in the elderly is important to compensate for decreased saliva. Since the oral tissues of the elderly are not resistant to mechanical forces, it is recommended to use toothbrushes with soft bristles., and most importantly, oral hygiene habits established in adulthood will form the basis for a healthy old age [14].

Oral, and dental health in individuals requiring special care

Individuals requiring special care, although they have different characteristics, generally have inadequate oral hygiene due to deterioration in chewing functions, decrease in saliva flow rate, increase in the frequency of carbohydrate intake, and muscle joint problems. Therefore, these individuals are in a high risk group in terms of exposure to oral, and dental diseases. In addition, the fact that these individuals have difficulty accessing oral, and dental health services increases the importance of protecting oral, and dental health. It is of great importance to have routine dentist checks every 3 months for individuals who require special care. Since it will be difficult for these individuals to perceive abstract concepts, the importance, and necessity of teeth cleaning should be shown concretely with pictures, and encouraged to brush.

It is beneficial if the head of the toothbrush is smaller than normal, and specially developed in order not to trigger the gag reflex, and to reach every area in the mouth. Considering individual differences, patients with weakened muscle functions or who cannot use their hands effectively may need a toothbrush with a long handle or attachments to help grasp the handle of the toothbrush. In these individuals, topical fluoride gels or varnishes can be applied by the dentist at 3-month checkups to increase the resistance of the teeth to decay. Visiting a dentist should not be neglected in cases such as tooth fracture, bleeding, and swelling in the gums, or discoloration of the teeth noticed by the patient or his/her relatives [15].

Oral and dental health during pregnancy

Pregnancy refers to a temporary, normal, physiological situation in which body structure and habits change. Both a person's eating habits and hormonal changes in the body have a significant impact on oral and dental health. The increase in the amount of acid in saliva during pregnancy makes teeth prone to decay, vomiting attacks that can be seen especially in the first months, and not paying attention to oral hygiene are among the main factors that increase the risk of caries. If pregnant individuals with gum problems do not pay attention to oral care, gum problems will increase due to hormonal changes. Pregnant individuals who experience bleeding gums may avoid brushing their teeth. This causes more bacteria to accumulate on the teeth and causes swelling, redness and more bleeding in the gums. The need to stay away from radiation during pregnancy also limits dental treatments.

Pregnancy is examined in 3 periods in terms of dental treatment: 0-3 month period; This period is the period when the individual is most sensitive. It is important to see a dentist in cases that cause toothache and may harm the mother and baby if left untreated. 3–6 month period; This is the time period during which tooth extractions, fillings and root canal treatments can be performed, which cannot be postponed until the end of pregnancy. It is the most suitable period for dental treatments. 6-9 month period; During this period, the baby has grown considerably in the womb and birth is approaching. It is recommended not to perform any treatment other than emergency treatments.

It has been scientifically reported in studies that dental and gum diseases increase the likelihood of low-weight babies by 7 times. For this reason, pregnant women should pay more attention to their oral and dental care and nutrition. The common belief in society that "Every pregnancy causes the mother to lose a tooth" is a completely wrong belief, and there is no scientific data on the loss of calcium from the mother's teeth during pregnancy. Pregnant women should consume foods rich in vitamin D, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin B12. If the body cannot get enough calcium from food, the amount required for the development of the baby is met by the mother's bones. There is no calcium dissolution from the teeth [16, 17].

Misconceptions about oral and dental health

Using a hard toothbrush makes teeth whiter.

No, soft or medium hard toothbrushes should be used. Contrary to popular belief, hard toothbrushes are not useful and damage the tooth surface by abrading it.

It is normal for gums to bleed while brushing your teeth.

Of course it is not normal. Bleeding gums indicate that there is gum edema or gum infection. You should definitely go for a dentist check-up.

Every pregnancy causes you to lose a tooth.

Why lose teeth? With good oral care, you can get through pregnancy comfortably and healthily. Due to changing hormone levels during pregnancy, more sensitive gums may appear, and vomiting attacks in the first months may damage the teeth, but all these negativities can be prevented with good care.

Primary teeth are not important, new ones will grow in their place anyway.

Can such a thing happen? Primary teeth also have important functions. Their most important duty is to protect the place of future permanent teeth. It is important that primary teeth remain in place until the permanent tooth comes in to avoid tooth crowding in the future.

If primary teeth are removed with a needle, new teeth will not grow again.

The formation of both primary teeth and permanent teeth begins in the womb and continues after birth. Therefore, no matter what technique you use to extract the primary tooth, you cannot prevent the permanent tooth from forming.

If tartar cleaning is done once, it is necessary to have it done constantly.

During dental scaling, bacterial plaques settled on the teeth are removed. Therefore, dental scaling at regular intervals (once a year) is a recommended treatment. Treatment after the dental plaques have reached an advanced size can be painful and sensitivity-increasing for patients.

Crooked teeth can only be corrected during childhood.

After teeth erupt into the mouth, unlike other body organs, they do not grow or develop. Assuming that body development continues until approximately the age of 18, treatment of skeletal disorders should be done before this age. However, treatments that only replace the teeth can be performed at any age.

Asst. Prof. Fatma Yüce

Faculty Member – Istanbul Kent University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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FAQ

Oral health is often seen as “genetic,” yet most cavities and gum problems are strongly influenced by daily routines. The key idea is simple: throughout the day, your teeth face repeated acid attacks; effective plaque control, fluoride expo… →

Oral health is best managed through plaque control, fluoride exposure, diet pattern, and regular dental check-ups. Brush twice daily for two minutes with fluoride toothpaste, use gentle technique, and clean between teeth with floss or inter… →

Teeth feel “strong” when enamel maintains a favorable mineral balance. Fluoride is the most evidence-backed aid for making enamel more acid-resistant and supporting remineralization. Adequate saliva flow, reduced sugar-snacking frequency, g… →

Cavities are mainly driven by frequent acid attacks from plaque bacteria fermenting sugars, compounded by dry mouth and poor plaque control—especially between teeth. Acidic drinks can also directly soften enamel. Reducing sugar-snacking fre… →

Not brushing for a month allows plaque biofilm to mature, often causing gingivitis (redness, swelling, bleeding) and worsening breath. Early gum inflammation may reverse once hygiene returns, but tartar formation, early cavities—especially … →

Healthy gums are mainly achieved by controlling plaque at the gumline and between teeth. Gentle twice-daily brushing, consistent interdental cleaning, quitting tobacco, and regular professional cleanings support gum tissue. Vitamins help ov… →

Prevention depends on both food choice and eating pattern. Reduce the frequency of free sugars and sticky refined carbs, focus on main meals, and choose tooth-friendly options like dairy (calcium/phosphate), fiber-rich foods that stimulate … →

Effective oral cleaning is primarily mechanical: brushing removes biofilm from tooth surfaces, and floss/interdental brushes clean contact areas. Saliva is the natural cleansing system, so hydration and dry-mouth management matter. Mouthwas… →

Teeth become “stronger” when enamel is more resistant to acid and remineralization outweighs demineralization. The biggest levers are consistent fluoride exposure, healthy saliva flow (hydration, dry-mouth management), and reduced frequency… →

For most people, brushing at least twice daily—morning and especially before bed—is the standard recommendation. Night-time brushing is crucial due to reduced saliva during sleep. More frequent brushing can help some high-risk individuals, … →

Longevity requires more than cavity prevention: protect gums, reduce wear, and manage risks like bruxism and acid erosion. Maintain consistent plaque control (fluoride brushing + interdental cleaning), get regular professional check-ups and… →

Vitamins are supportive, while plaque control and fluoride remain primary. Vitamin D supports mineral metabolism (calcium/phosphate) and tooth development; vitamin C supports gum collagen integrity. Minerals like calcium and phosphate are s… →

The best results come from a high-impact combination: consistent fluoride brushing, daily interdental cleaning, reduced frequency of sugary snacks, good hydration/saliva support, and risk-based professional preventive care. Avoid abrasive “… →

The healthiest outcome is preserving natural tooth structure with preventive and minimally invasive care: early detection, remineralization when possible, and well-sealed small restorations when needed. Long-term success depends on fluoride… →

The best dental care is a simple system: brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily, reduce sugary snack frequency, and attend regular dental check-ups/cleanings. Use gentle technique, choose appropriate toothpast… →

Plain (unsweetened) yogurt can be tooth-friendly because it provides calcium/phosphate and typically carries lower free-sugar load than sweet snacks. However, sweetened/flavored yogurts may increase caries risk if consumed frequently. Yogur… →

Focus on mineral-supportive foods (calcium/phosphate sources like dairy), adequate vitamin D, sufficient protein, and fiber-rich foods that stimulate saliva. The most harmful pattern is frequent sugary drinks/snacks. Prefer water, limit aci… →

Healthy teeth come from a consistent system: brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily, reduce the frequency of sugary snacks, stay hydrated, and attend regular dental check-ups. Use gentle technique, manage dry … →

“The mouth is a gateway to overall health; daily habits matter.” This guide translates evidence-based oral care into practical routines: brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily, reduce sugar frequency, avoid to… →

Build a routine: brush twice daily (2 minutes) with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily (floss/interdental brushes), reduce sugar frequency, stay hydrated, avoid tobacco, and see a dentist regularly for early detection and profes… →

They typically assist dentists in clinical workflow: preparing instruments/materials, supporting imaging processes, chairside assistance, infection control and sterilization tracking, patient guidance, stock management, and documentation—im… →

For most mouth/teeth problems, start with a dentist. They can treat common issues and refer to specialists (periodontist, endodontist, oral surgeon) when needed—especially for persistent sores, swelling, bleeding, or suspected lesions. →

Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily, clean the tongue gently, limit sugar frequency, wait after acidic drinks before brushing, and seek dental review if bleeding/bad breath persists beyond 2–3 weeks. →

Control plaque biofilm: brush + interdental cleaning daily, reduce sugar frequency, avoid tobacco, manage dry mouth and systemic risks, and get regular professional cleanings. Mouthwash can help but cannot replace mechanical cleaning. →

Salaries vary widely by city, employer (private vs public), experience, and additional responsibilities. Use current local job postings and salary guides to estimate a realistic range, and clarify extra duties (sterilization, coordination, … →

You cannot sterilize the mouth; you control harmful biofilm. Brush + clean between teeth daily and clean the tongue. Hydration and reducing sugar frequency help. Antiseptic rinses may be used short-term under dental guidance; persistent ble… →

Home: brush 2 minutes with fluoride toothpaste and clean between teeth daily. Professional: scaling/polishing removes hardened tartar that brushing cannot. Frequency depends on individual buildup—often every 6–12 months, sometimes 3–6 month… →

Start with low pressure, aim along the gumline at ~45°, move slowly between teeth. It helps remove debris but typically complements—not replaces—interdental cleaning. Useful with braces, implants, bridges, and hard-to-reach areas. →

Core steps: clean between teeth daily, brush 2 minutes with fluoride toothpaste, clean the tongue, reduce sugar frequency, hydrate. Mouthwash is optional. Keep the routine simple and sustainable; tailor it if you have dry mouth, braces, ref… →

Fluoride toothpaste, daily brushing + interdental cleaning, reduced sugar frequency, hydration (saliva support), tobacco cessation, balanced diet (calcium/phosphate sources), and regular dental check-ups. Supplements matter mainly when a tr… →

For dependent or hospitalized patients, oral care supports comfort and infection control. Ensure safe positioning, perform gentle cleaning of teeth/gumline/tongue, manage dry mouth, clean dentures separately, and follow clinical protocols f… →

Commonly once daily (often at night) is enough; some users add a brief post-meal use with braces/implants/bridges. Technique matters more than frequency—avoid high pressure. If bleeding persists beyond a few weeks, seek dental evaluation. →

It’s a whole-mouth approach: brush + interdental cleaning, tongue cleaning, avoid irritants (tobacco, frequent acids), manage risk factors (dry mouth, braces, diabetes), and seek evaluation for sores lasting >2 weeks. →

Prevention system: brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth daily, review sugar/acid habits, and get routine dental check-ups and cleanings. Avoid overly abrasive products and harsh brushing; address bruxism or sensit… →

Oral health affects pain, nutrition, sleep, speech, social confidence, and risk of tooth loss. Many problems are preventable with consistent routines, reducing future complex and costly treatments while supporting overall quality of life. →

Prioritize plaque control (brush + interdental cleaning), fluoride use, reducing sugar frequency, managing risks (tobacco, dry mouth, diabetes), and regular dental check-ups. Avoid aggressive brushing and seek care for persistent sores, ble… →

Plaque builds up, leading to gum bleeding, bad breath, tartar, cavities that may progress silently, sensitivity, infections/abscesses, and eventually tooth mobility or loss. Most outcomes are preventable with consistent daily care and regul… →

Common issues include cavities, gingivitis, tartar buildup, bad breath, sensitivity, recurrent mouth ulcers, tooth wear from bruxism, and dry mouth. Many share the same root drivers: plaque, sugar frequency, and unmanaged risk factors. →

Night: clean between teeth, brush 2 minutes with fluoride toothpaste, clean the tongue. Morning: brush + tongue cleaning. Reduce acidic/sugary frequency, and use mouthwash only if needed (preferably guided). Success markers: less bleeding, … →

High sugar/acid frequency, poor interdental cleaning, aggressive brushing, bruxism/biting hard objects, tobacco use, dry mouth, irregular dental check-ups, and unmanaged systemic risks (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes) are major drivers of deca… →

Essentials: toothbrush/electric brush, fluoride toothpaste, floss and/or interdental brushes. Support tools: tongue scraper, water flosser, targeted fluoride rinses, sensitivity toothpaste, night guard (for bruxism), and denture cleaners. M… →

Consistent basics: fluoride toothpaste twice daily, daily interdental cleaning, reduced sugar frequency, hydration/saliva support, tobacco cessation, and regular dental check-ups. Balanced diet helps, but routine and technique are decisive. →

Oral diseases are common and can progress silently. Daily care reduces cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and tooth loss—supporting nutrition, speech, confidence, and lowering future treatment burden and cost, especially in higher-risk indi… →