Minerals are “small in quantity, huge in impact.” Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium support nerve signaling, heart rhythm, muscle contraction, blood pressure, and fluid balance. Calcium and phosphorus form the structural backbone of bones and teeth. Iron enables oxygen transport; zinc is essential for immune function, DNA synthesis, and wound healing. Iodine is required to produce thyroid hormones; selenium supports antioxidant enzymes and thyroid metabolism. Trace minerals (copper, manganese, chromium, etc.) act as enzyme cofactors—like gears in biochemical machinery. Because of these roles, imbalance can manifest as fatigue, immune vulnerability, cramps, or bone fragility. Importantly, excess intake—especially via high-dose supplements—can also cause harm or disrupt other minerals. The goal is balanced diet, targeted testing for risk groups, and medically supervised supplementation when needed.\n\nSource note: NIH ODS mineral fact sheets (functions and safety considerations).