Rector Advisor, Vice Dean, and Faculty Member - Istanbul Kent University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Departmant of Pharmocology Visiting Researcher&Lecturer - University College London, Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Medicine, UK Visiting Lecturer - University of Aveiro, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Portugal
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"Intermittent fasting may offer benefits for certain individuals (such as improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation); however, it has not been proven superior to other diets for weight management, and it is important to assess individual health conditions before implementation."
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary regimen characterized by alternating periods of eating and fasting, which has gained significant attention for recent years. This approach to eating does not focus on the types of food consumed but rather on the timing of food intake, allowing for various protocols ranging from 12 to 24 hours of fasting.
How is intermittent fasting implemented?
Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses a variety of dietary strategies. One of the most well-known methods is the 16/8 method, also referred to as the Leangains protocol. This method involves fasting for 16 hours each day and restricting eating to an 8-hour window. Typically, individuals may skip breakfast and eat their first meal at noon, finishing their last meal by 8 PM. This method is favored for its simplicity and ease of integration into daily life, allowing individuals to consume their regular meals within a limited timeframe. Another popular approach is the 5:2 diet, where individuals consume a normal diet for five days of the week and restrict calorie intake to about 500-600 calories on two non-consecutive days. The Eat-Stop-Eat method involves fasting for a full 24 hours once or twice a week. For example, one might eat dinner at 7 PM and not eat again until 7 PM the following day. Alternate-day fasting is another method where individuals alternate between days of normal eating and days of fasting or very low-calorie intake.
What are the effects of intermittent fasting on body weight control and metabolic health?
The mechanisms behind the weight loss associated with intermittent fasting are multifaceted. IF can lead to a reduction in caloric intake, as individuals typically consume fewer meals during fasting periods. This caloric restriction is often accompanied by hormonal changes that enhance fat oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. Along with that intermittent fasting has been shown to decrease insulin resistance and increase the levels of some hormones such as adiponectin, which plays a role in regulating glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown.
In addition to weight management, intermittent fasting has been linked to various improvements in metabolic health. Research indicates that IF can lead to reductions in markers of inflammation, improved lipid profiles, and better glycemic control. For instance, a systematic review found that intermittent fasting was associated with significant improvements in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, which are critical factors in cardiovascular health. Another effect of the intermittent fasting method on health is seen by affecting the circadian rhythm. The timing of eating during the day affects our circadian rhythm. It has been reported that eating late at night, in particular, disrupts the circadian rhythm and affects energy balance, thus causing the development of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
However, the guide published in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Federation of Dietetic Associations stated that intermittent fasting has no advantage over other calorie-restricted diets in weight control.
Is intermittent fasting suitable for everyone?
Individual responses to fasting can vary widely based on several factors, including age, health status, lifestyle, and personal preferences.
Health Conditions: Intermittent fasting may not be appropriate for individuals with certain health conditions, particularly those with diabetes or other metabolic disorders. For instance, individuals on insulin or other glucose-lowering medications may experience hypoglycemic episodes during fasting periods, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally advised against intermittent fasting due to the increased nutritional demands during these periods. Adequate caloric and nutrient intake is essential for both maternal and fetal health, and fasting could compromise this.
Eating Disorders: Individuals with a history of eating disorders may find that intermittent fasting exacerbates unhealthy eating patterns or triggers binge-eating episodes.
Age and Activity Level: Older adults and those with high physical activity levels may also need to approach intermittent fasting with caution. Older adults may have different nutritional needs, and athletes may require more frequent meals to support their training and recovery.
Conclusion
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a type of diet characterized by alternating periods of eating and fasting that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This dietary approach focuses on the timing of food intake, not the types of foods consumed. Although intermittent fasting may offer some benefits for weight management and metabolic health, it is not suitable for everyone. People with health problems, pregnant/breastfeeding women, and individuals with a history of eating disorders should approach intermittent fasting with caution.
Although these diets may be considered more appropriate depending on the lifestyle and health goals of individuals when compared to traditional calorie restriction and alternative nutritional approaches such as the Mediterranean diet, scientific data emphasize that intermittent fasting is not superior to other diets that restrict calories in weight control.
It is recommended that individuals consult with nutritionists to determine the most appropriate dietary approach for their specific living conditions and that it is emphasized that regulation of nutrition is through regulation of cognitive eating behavior.
It is also important to note that scientific evidence for the health benefits of intermittent fasting often comes from animal studies, observational data on religious fasting (especially Ramadan), or experimental studies with small sample sizes. More work is needed in this area.
Assoc. Prof. Muhammet Emin Çam
Rector Advisor, Vice Dean, and Faculty Member - Istanbul Kent University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Departmant of Pharmocology Visiting Researcher&Lecturer - University College London, Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Medicine, UK Visiting Lecturer - University of Aveiro, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Portugal
Patikorn C et al. Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes. JAMA Network Open. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558
Yoon G and Song JS. Intermittent fasting: a promising approach for preventing vascular dementia. Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis (2019). https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2019.8.1.1
Yıldırım A and Erge S. Yeni bir yaklaşım olan aralıklı açlık yöntemleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi (2020).
Patterson RE et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018
Albosta M and Bakke J. Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? a review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-020-00116-1
Chair SY et al. Intermittent fasting in weight loss and cardiometabolic risk reduction: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nursing Research (2022). https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000469
Patterson RE et al. Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018
Pieper C. Intervfast—effectiveness and acceptance of intermittent fasting in cardiac rehabilitation patients: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07843-7
Matiashova L. The effect of intermittent fasting on mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease with high cardiovascular risk: a systematic review. Clinical Diabetology (2021). https://doi.org/10.5603/dk.a2021.0016
Hassapidou M et al. European Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults Developed in Collaboration with the European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians. Obesity facts (2023).
https://doi:10.1159/000528083
FAQ
INTERMITTENT FASTING (IF): SCIENCE-BASED, PLAIN-LANGUAGE Q&A “IF is not a magic diet; it is a timing strategy that often works by helping energy intake and metabolic rhythms align.” Intermittent fasting (IF) restricts eating to defined wind…
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The “right” IF approach is the one that is safe, fits your health profile, and is sustainable. Start gently (12:12 or 14:10) and progress to 16:8 if tolerated. During fasting, choose non-caloric fluids (water, plain mineral water, unsweeten…
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In IF, “forbidden” mainly refers to calories during the fasting window: sugary drinks, juice, milk/cream coffees, caloric flavored beverages, and snacks break the fast. In the eating window, people claim “anything goes,” but outcomes strong…
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You can eat during the eating window, but results still depend on total energy and food quality. Many people lose weight because they unintentionally reduce calories; if the window is filled with ultra-processed, high-calorie foods, the adv…
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A 16-hour fast often initiates a gradual fuel shift: liver glycogen declines, insulin tends to drop, and the contribution of fatty acids (and sometimes ketones) rises. The speed and depth of this “metabolic switch” vary with the last meal, …
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A 15-hour fast produces physiology similar to 16 hours: insulin tends to decline, fat oxidation contribution rises, and glycogen gradually decreases. For many people, it is easier to implement consistently by finishing dinner earlier and de…
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A 72-hour (3-day) fast is physiologically more stressful than standard intermittent fasting and is not suitable for everyone. Glycogen becomes largely depleted, fat oxidation and ketones rise, and risks such as dizziness, low blood pressure…
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Belly/visceral fat decreases primarily when a sustained calorie deficit exists. IF can support that deficit, so it can indirectly reduce belly fat—but you cannot “spot reduce” fat. Studies show reductions in fat mass on average with time-re…
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Fat burning is not an on/off switch. The body always uses a mix of fuels; the proportions shift as insulin falls after meals. As fasting extends—often around the 12–16 hour range for some—fat oxidation can become more prominent, but timing …
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Plain Turkish coffee (no sugar, no milk/cream) does not meaningfully break a fast from a calorie perspective. Two caveats: caffeine can increase hunger or irritate the stomach in some people, and late-day caffeine can impair sleep and indir…
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Water flavored with a small amount of lemon is typically negligible in calories and for many people does not meaningfully disrupt fasting goals. However, large amounts of lemon juice, added honey/sugar, or lemonade-style drinks add calories…
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Example 16:8 schedule for a generally healthy adult: finish dinner by 8:00 pm, eat the first meal at 12:00 pm next day, and complete eating by 8:00 pm. During fasting: water, unsweetened tea, black coffee. First meal: protein + fiber (e.g.,…
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Effects often appear in layers: early changes in appetite/routine in the first days, and more measurable weight and metabolic changes over 2–4 weeks. Some see quick scale drops in the first 1–2 weeks, partly from water/glycogen. More meanin…
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One-month weight loss varies widely. In time-restricted eating studies, average losses are often modest; meta-analyses report roughly ~1–2 kg on average for 16:8-style approaches, with large individual variation. The main driver is the sust…
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For an 80-kg adult, a safe, sustainable pace is often ~0.5–1% of body weight per week—about 1.6–3.2 kg over 4 weeks. IF can help you reach that range, but success depends on food quality/portions, activity, and sleep. Large early scale drop…
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For a 70-kg adult, a common safe target is ~0.5–1% per week, which equals roughly 1.4–2.8 kg over 4 weeks. With IF, success depends on maintaining balance in the eating window—adequate protein and fiber reduce rebound snacking that can eras…
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Most rapid scale loss over a 5-day near-zero-calorie fast is water and glycogen, not pure fat. As glycogen drops, water is excreted, so the scale can fall by several kilograms—some of which returns upon refeeding. Five-day fasting can incre…
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Avoiding nighttime eating can be a powerful lever because late snacks are often calorie-dense and low in nutrient quality. Late meals can also worsen reflux and sleep quality; poor sleep increases next-day appetite. So “night fasting” may h…
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The 80/20 rule is a sustainability framework: roughly 80% of the time you eat nutrient-dense whole foods, and about 20% you allow flexibility for enjoyment and social life. It is not strict math; it is behavioral strategy. Long-term outcome…
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“30-30-30” is used in different ways online. The most common fitness-nutrition version: eat 30 grams of protein within 30 minutes of waking and do 30 minutes of low-to-moderate activity. The idea is to leverage protein’s satiety effects and…
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With consistent IF for a month (e.g., 14:10 or 16:8), many people develop more structured appetite and meal patterns, and some see reductions in weight/waist and improved glycemic stability. Studies show modest average weight and fat loss, …
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This is a religious (fiqh) matter, and expiation (kaffarah) does not apply uniformly. Diyanet’s High Council explains that some intentional fast-breaking acts in Ramadan require both making up (qada) and expiation (notably sexual intercours…
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